ACCOGLIERE LA VITA: NASCERE CON L'OSTETRICA

- dal parto in casa al parto in ospedale

- come ridurre il dolore del travaglio senza farmaci e quale miracoloso ruolo possono giocare tatto e massaggio

- cosa realmente accade durante il travaglio

martedì 31 luglio 2012

Effects of continuity of care by a primary
midwife (caseload midwifery) on caesarean
section rates in women of low obstetric risk:
the COSMOS randomised controlled trial
HL McLachlan,a,b DA Forster,a,c MA Davey,a,d T Farrell,c L Gold,e MA Biro,f L Albers,g M Flood,a,b
J Oats,d U Waldenstro¨mh
BJOG 25 July 2012
Conclusion In settings with a relatively high baseline caesarean
section rate, caseload midwifery for women at low obstetric
risk in early pregnancy shows promise for reducing caesarean
births.
"Se non avessi avuto figli, avrei probabilmente avuto più soldi e più beni materiali...avrei visitato più posti, avrei dormito di più e avrei avuto più cura di me stessa.
La mia vita sarebbe stata più noiosa e prevedibile.
Ma poichè sono
madre, ho riso più forte e pianto più spesso, ho avuto più preoccupazioni e tanta più fretta.
Ho dormito meno ma in qualche modo mi sono divertita di più.
Il mio cuore ha sofferto di più e ho amato più di quanto avessi potuto immaginare.
Ho dato di più di me stessa ma ho ricavato più senso dalla vita". ♥
(Marianne Neifert)
Pensavo che mi sarei presa cura di te....ed invece non sai quanto l'hai fatto tu con me...quanto hai colmato i vuoti dell'anima, quanto hai dato risposte a tante domande...tu non sai quanto è cambiata la mia vita, quanto finalmente ora ne abbia un senso.

Feffa ♥♥♥

(Se vi va passate anche nel mio blog http://www.unavocedalcuore.com/)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSOBt1fgt2I&feature=share
Photo: "Se non avessi avuto figli, avrei probabilmente avuto più soldi e più beni materiali...avrei visitato più posti, avrei dormito di più e avrei avuto più cura di me stessa. 
La mia vita sarebbe stata più noiosa e prevedibile. 
Ma poichè sono madre, ho riso più forte e pianto più spesso, ho avuto più preoccupazioni e tanta più fretta. 
Ho dormito meno ma in qualche modo mi sono divertita di più. 
Il mio cuore ha sofferto di più e ho amato più di quanto avessi potuto immaginare. 
Ho dato di più di me stessa ma ho ricavato più senso dalla vita". ♥
(Marianne Neifert)
http://www.youtube.coPhoto: Pensavo che mi sarei presa cura di te....ed invece non sai quanto l'hai fatto tu con me...quanto hai colmato i vuoti dell'anima, quanto hai dato risposte a tante domande...tu non sai quanto è cambiata la mia vita, quanto finalmente ora ne abbia un senso.

Feffa <3<3<3

(Se vi va passate anche nel mio blog http://www.unavocedalcuore.com/)m/watch?v=iSOBt1fgt2I&feature=share

sabato 28 luglio 2012



Ina May Gaskin

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Ina May Gaskin at Nambassa 3 day Music & Alternatives festival, New Zealand 1981.
Ina May Gaskin, CPM, has been described as "the mother of authentic midwifery."[1]

Contents

Family

Gaskin was born to an Iowa Protestant family (Methodist on one side, Presbyterian on the other). Her father, Talford Middleton, was raised on a large Iowa farm, which was lost to a bank not long after his father’s accidental death in 1926. Her mother, Ruth Stinson Middleton, was a home economics teacher, who taught in various small towns within a forty-mile radius of Marshalltown, Iowa. Both parents were college graduates, who placed a great importance on higher education.
Her maternal grandparents ran a Presbyterian orphanage in Farmington, Missouri, a small town in the Ozarks. Her grandmother, Ina May Beard Stinson, directed the orphanage for many years after her pastor husband’s death. She was an avid member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and a great admirer of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Jane Addams. Gaskin’s paternal grandparents were all farmers. Adam Leslie Middleton, her grandfather, traveled and worked with farmers from Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas in cooperative grain marketing, organizing communities, as well as larger outlets in Chicago and other large cities, to establish local cooperative grain elevators. His work as an organizer took him to Canada to work with wheat growers, and to Washington, D. C., on the invitation of the Secretary of Agriculture under President Warren G. Harding, Henry C. Wallace, father of Henry A. Wallace, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Secretary of Agriculture.

The Farm Midwifery Center

In 1971 Gaskin, with her husband Stephen, founded a commune called The Farm in Summertown Tennessee. There, she and the midwives of the Farm created The Farm Midwifery Center, one of the first out-of-hospital birth centers in the United States.[2] Standards of birthing at the Farm are modeled to the recommendations of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Family members and friends are commonly in attendance and are encouraged to take an active role in the birth. The Farm Midwifery Center has been able to maintain extremely low rates of medical intervention with consistently good birth outcomes for nearly four decades[3].

Significance of her work

According to Carol Lorente (1995), the work of Gaskin and the midwives might not have had the impact it did, if it hadn't been for the publication of her book Spiritual Midwifery (1977):
"Considered a seminal work, it presented pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding from a fresh, natural and spiritual perspective, rather than the standard clinical viewpoint. In homebirth and midwifery circles, it made her a household name, and a widely respected teacher and writer."[4]
Gaskin has been credited with the emergence and popularization of direct-entry midwifery (i.e. not training as a nurse first) in the United States since the early 1970s. Between 1977 and 2000, she published the quarterly magazine Birth Gazette. Ina May’s Guide to Childbirth, her second book about birth and midwifery, was published by Bantam/Dell in 2003. Her books have been published in several languages, including German, Italian, Hungarian, Slovenian, Spanish, and Japanese.
Since the early 1980s, she has been an internationally-known speaker on maternity care independently and for the Midwives Alliance of North America (MANA),[1] lecturing throughout the world to midwives, physicians, doulas, expectant parents and health policy-makers. She has spoken at medical and midwifery schools in several countries and at both the Starwood Festival and the WinterStar Symposium, discussing the history and importance of midwifery.
She is the founder of the Safe Motherhood Quilt Project, a national effort developed to draw public attention to the current maternal death rates, and to honor those women who have died of pregnancy-related causes during the past twenty years.[5]
She has appeared in such prominent films as Ricki Lake's movies Orgasmic Birth (2009) (directed by Debra Pascali-Bonaro) and The Business of Being Born (2008) (directed by Abby Epstein). She also appears in With Women: A Documentary About Women, Midwives and Birth (2006).[6]

Outcomes

A study of home births assisted by the midwives of The Farm (Durand 1992) looked at the outcomes of 1707 women who received care in rural Tennessee between 1971 and 1989. These births were compared to outcomes of over 14,000 physician-attended hospital births in 1980. Comparing perinatal deaths, labor complications, and use of assisted delivery, the study found that "under certain circumstances, home births attended by lay midwives can be accomplished as safely as, and with less intervention than, physician-attended hospital deliveries."[7]

The Gaskin Maneuver

The Gaskin Maneuver, also called all fours, is a technique to reduce shoulder dystocia. Gaskin claims to have introduced it in 1976 after learning it from a Belizean woman who had, in turn, learned the maneuver in Guatemala, where it originated. In this maneuver, the mother supports herself on her hands and knees to resolve shoulder dystocia.[8] Switching to a hands and knees position causes the shape of the pelvis to change, thereby allowing the trapped shoulder to free itself and the baby to be born. Since this maneuver requires a significant movement from the standard lithotomy position, it can be substantially more difficult to perform while under epidural anesthesia, but still possible,[9] and can be performed by an experienced delivery room-team.[10]

Recognition

Ina May Gaskin has lectured and continues to lecture at midwifery conferences and medical schools all over the world. On June 14th, 2008, she led a workshop called 'A Guide to Natural Childbirth' at the New York Open Center[11] in Manhattan. She served as President of Midwives' Alliance of North America from 1996 to 2002. She received the ASPO/Lamaze Irwin Chabon Award (1997), and the Tennessee Perinatal Association Recognition Award. She was featured in Salon magazine’s “Brilliant Careers” in 1999.[1] In 2003, she was made a Visiting Fellow of Morse College, Yale University.[12] Ina May was awarded the title "Honorary Doctor" in recognition of her work demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of midwifery by the Thames Valley University, London, England, on November 24, 2009.[13] On September 29, 2011, Ina May Gaskin was announced as a co-winner of the 2011 Right Livelihood Award, sometimes also called "the Alternative Nobel Prize".[3][14]

Bibliography

Books

Articles

Filmography

Notes and references

External links

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giovedì 26 luglio 2012


Global Motherhood: Birth Freedom or Birth Totalitarianism?

Posted: 07/23/2012 6:30 pm
A recent trip to Fort Worth and Dallas showed me a range of choices that I wish was available to every pregnant woman in the U.S. Women who live in this part of Texas can choose to give birth in a hospital, any one of several birth centers, or their own homes. A few other U.S. cities offer real birth choices as well, but there are still states and vast areas of small-town and rural U.S. where there are no midwives and no choice.

Because of the scarcity of midwives and birth choice in much of the U.S., citizen organizations have sprung up to advocate for reform. These include Where's My MidWife?The Push for Midwives.org,ImprovingBirth.org, and Childbirth Connection. Most women choosing midwifery care are aware of the research indicating that midwifery care is associated with lower rates of medical intervention than in obstetric practice.

I became a midwife in the only way I could find in 1970 (a time when there were only one or two U.S. hospitals that employed them): I was able to locate several physicians who provided me with direct instruction in the principles and practice of midwifery. The fact that I published our outcomes (which were good) and demonstrated our techniques within medical circles provided a degree of acceptance and support even when we were comparatively new on the scene. From Ob.Gyn News, 1979: "Remarks among the physicians in the audience initially indicated a negative, almost condemning attitude, but reactions changed markedly after they listened to Ms. Gaskin and viewed the [video] tapes."

It was clear to many obstetricians then that home birth could be a kind of laboratory for innovation in birth techniques that could be used in hospitals to good advantage. The Gaskin maneuver is just one example of a home birth technique that has, according to several obstetrician friends, saved their careers while avoiding loss of life or permanent injury.

During the months since I received the 2011 Right Livelihood Award in Sweden's Parliament last December, I've been interviewed or mentioned several times concerning my midwifery work. A New York Times article put some beautiful photos together with a rather shallow treatment of home birth, Daily Beast reporter Michelle Goldberg took a dim view of home birth without shedding much light on why a fairly small but growing segment of the population of birthing women choose it, and Slate reporter Jennifer Block chided Goldberg for biased reporting. If I had just dropped in from another planet, I'd find it fascinating that something that less than 0.7 percent of U.S. women choose has caused such a furor. Is the excitement because certain celebrities have been credited for causing an increase of home birth ? Do they realize that even counting the increase, the rate of home birth is still less than it was in 1969? Are the women who are so vocal in their opposition to other women choosing home birth aware that there is no danger that U.S. birth outcomes have been adversely affected by choices made by a fraction of one percent of birthing women?

I know of no country in the world that has passed a law specifically denying a woman's right to choose where she intends to give birth. In the U.K., a woman's right to choose her place of birth is built into the midwives' code, requiring that a midwife stay with a woman in labor who refuses to be transported to a hospital, even if she happens to have chosen a forest or a hayfield as the place of birth. The priority is to make sure that the woman is provided with the maximum help available, meaning that the midwife is duty-bound not to abandon her during this vulnerable time.

I have recently spoken in several countries where the government is using police power to keep women from having home birth. Croatia, for instance, has midwives, but they are not allowed to provide prenatal care at all. Pregnant woman who have associated with women who want the choice of home birth have been visited by the police, whose main aim is apparently to intimidate her from carrying on with her plan. A visit to a pediatrician with a home-born baby, planned or not, may turn into a police interrogation instead of the requested examination of the baby. Croatia includes many inhabited islands with no hospitals. With ferries providing the main transportation to the mainland, the ferry sometimes becomes the place of birth when a woman has a fast-moving labor. In the U.K., there would be midwives on these islands.

When there is little or no access to midwives in any country, obstetrics itself becomes deskilled to a degree that alarms wiser obstetricians, who acknowledge the need for better options in birth or a strong midwifery profession. In the U.S. today, we have no way to count how many women choose an unassisted birth for lack of access to a licensed birth attendant willing and able to provide care for a woman wanting assistance with a breech, twins, a prior cesarean, or just a straightforward home birth.

When women have little or no choice in birth and birth totalitarianism becomes the new norm, obstetrics knowledge itself is reduced. I have run into reports of women who aren't pregnant who have only learned this after their abdomens were cut open for cesarean section. These women had false pregnancies, a condition that has always happened in some women but which is not diagnosed because of reduced skills.

It's not an exaggeration to say that midwifery worldwide is in danger of extinction unless countries figure out a way to reverse the current trend of ever-increasing rates of induction of labor and cesarean section. China now leads the world with national cesarean rate of 50 percent, following a trend set by Brazil, where in several cities there are private hospitals with cesarean rates of 98 to 99 percent. Midwifery no longer exists in cultures and countries where this development has already taken place. None of the countries with the highest cesarean rates has an enviable maternal death rate. Neither do we.

When cesarean rates go above the recommendations made by the World Health Organization in the mid-1980s, there is strong evidence that the lifesaving benefits that availability of the surgery provides begin to be outweighed by the dangers presented by the surgery itself. More babies begin their lives in neonatal intensive care units because they are born with respiratory problems that are directly associated with cesarean birth. More women die from complications such as accidental injury to internal organs, infection, hemorrhage, anesthesia, pulmonary embolism, abdominal adhesions leading to bowel obstruction, and placental problems in a subsequent pregnancy. The U.S. is one of four countries in the world with a rising maternal death rate. California reported a tripling in the maternal death rate between 1996 and 2006. This problem, in my opinion, should occupy more of our attention than the tizzy over the home birth rate, which affects such a small portion of our population.

We should be able to agree that women deserve to be supported on their terms. Similarly, we can all agree that open and respectful public discourse is the best path to democratic policy-making. The first amendment to the Constitution rests on the assumption that it is through the free exchange of ideas and information that good public decisions can be reached. The best a health care system can do is to equip itself to meet the needs of each individual woman and birth. Those needs run the gamut from undisturbed home birth to planned cesarean section.

Dal quotidianosanità.it
Abbandono neonati e infanticidio. Fnco: “Più informazione e valorizzare ruolo ostetriche”
Questi eventi drammatici dimostrano che le donne non sono adeguatamente informate sulle possibilità di aiuto e sostegno. Le ostetriche da sempre vicino alle donne. Ma occorre promuovere l'assistenza ostetrica sul territorio e a domicilio per esserlo sempre di più
16 LUG - La Fnco (Federazione Nazionale Collegi Ostetriche) apprezza la sensibilità e l’interesse mostrato dalla Sin (Società italiana di neonatologia) circa il problema dell’abbandono neonatale da parte delle madri, tra l’altro, particolarmente sentito anche dalle ostetriche quali figure che, in prima linea, sia nel passato e sia nel presente, si sono trovate e si trovano al fianco delle donne in uesti momenti di grande fragilità e vulnerabilità. Sono vicine alle donne in tutto il percorso nascita, valorizzando la continuità delle cure, anche e soprattutto nel momento in cui la gravida comunica la scelta di non riconoscere il proprio figlio (quale suo diritto, secondo le leggi dello Stato).

In questo caso l’ostetrica si attiva per garantire alla donna un percorso dedicato sul piano socio-sanitario. E’ accanto alla donna al momento del parto assicurando il suo diritto dell’anonimato nel caso non voglia riconoscere il figlio procreato (questo vale per la donna sia nubile che coniugata o straniera o clandestina); ha pure la responsabilità di assolvere alle procedure relative alla dichiarazione di nascita del neonato nella condizione di abbandono da parte della madre; è vicina alla puerpera alla quale deve fornire non solo assistenza/cura ma anche sostegno e supporto emotivo. Inoltre deve fornire tutte le informazioni relative alla disciplina legislativa ed agli aiuti sociali per poter decidere liberamente e consapevolmente sul riconoscimento o meno.

Le ostetriche hanno costantemente mantenuto un principio/dovere di ordine etico sul diritto di scelta dell’abbandono della madre del proprio figlio alla nascita e prova certa ne è l’art. 3.18 del Codice Deontologico (anno 2010): “L’ostetrica/o assicura il rispetto del diritto della madre a conservare l’anonimato riguardo al concepimento ed al parto, salvo quanto previsto da specifiche direttive”. Con questo dovere morale l’ostetrica/o intende salvaguardare il diritto della partoriente a mantenere l’incognito rispetto alla nascita del proprio figlio. Questo dovere s’integra con altri obblighi deontologici come il mantenimento del segreto professionale, la tutela del diritto della privacy dell’assistita e il diritto all’informazione.

I ripetuti casi di neonati abbandonati o uccisi come indicato dalla Sin stanno a dimostrare che le donne non sono adeguatamente informate. Per evitare questi eventi drammatici è fondamentale che l’ostetrica/o si faccia parte attiva nell’offrire alle donne le opportune informazioni sulle possibilità di aiuto e sostegno.

Queste le premesse per la valorizzazione da parte delle istituzioni e delle associazione scientifiche mediche della figura dell’ostetrica/o sempre a fianco della donna e “per la donna” e per la tutela dei suoi diritti, in particolare per coloro che sono in una situazione di vulnerabilità o di difficoltà.

L’assistenza domiciliare alla puerpera da parte dell’ostetrica è un modello assistenziale che fa parte della sua tradizione; le ostetriche sono nate all’interno del tessuto sociale, nel territorio e solo negli anni settanta del precedente secolo si sono collocate negli ospedali. Oggi in Italia ci sono realtà dove l’assistenza domiciliare ostetrica alle puerpere è consolidata; ma purtroppo in gran parte del nostro paese vi è un carenza ed uno scarso interesse da parte delle istituzioni pubbliche nella presa in carico di madre e bambino a domicilio, dopo il parto.

Pertanto la Fnco condivide la posizione della Sin circa il sostegno del programma “Mamma Segreta” di cui la regione Toscana già nel 2004 è stato soggetto attivo, con la collaborazione dell’istituto degli Innocenti sorto nella metà del ‘400, a cui era annessa la ruota degli esposti; nato come ospizio per trovatelli e per donne andavano a partorire i figli illegittimi; era annessa la scuola di ostetricia dove venivano assistite queste donne dalle ostetriche.

Pregevole anche la valorizzazione del sostegno alle neomamme attraverso un programma di assistenza domiciliare, con l’investimento delle ostetriche, quale figura competente per individuare precocemente i segnali di una eventuale depressione post-partum (che colpisce il 10% delle donne), da non confondere però con il maternity blues ovvero una forma di melanconia fisiologica momentanea che colpisce il 50-75% delle neomamme e che si presenta intorno al 3° giorno dopo la nascita e dura circa 15 giorni. Anche di fronte a tale fragilità le mamme devono essere rassicurate e sostenute per favorire un adeguato adattamento al ruolo di madre e per evitare che tale forma fisiologica si trasformi in una patologia più grave.

Miriam Guana
Presidente Fnco

16 luglio 2012

martedì 24 luglio 2012

Si segnala che il 30 Luglio termina la possibilità di iscriversi con la quota agevolata e si invitano gli interessati a provvedere all'iscrizione in quanto i posti a disposizione sono in esaurimento.

Lo scopo del convegno è di rivalutare il ruolo dell'ostetrica nell'assistenza al parto, tale ruolo negli ultimi anni è stato confinato  e ridotto ad una assistenza quasi infermieristica a causa della sempre maggiore medicalizzazione del parto (vedi numero dei TC).
L'aumento dei tagli cesarei non ha portato alcun beneficio né in termini di mortalità neonatale né in termini di mortalità materna,anzi le stime più recenti parlano di un aumento impressionante della mortalità materna e tale cifre sono sicuramente sottostimate.
Nella tavola rotonda abbiamo invitato illustri ospiti che parleranno della loro esperienza sul modello del parto che va dal TC al parto con piacere allo scopo di scoraggiare l'abbandono dell'esperienza del parto a vantaggio della sua medicalizzazione.
La speranza è quella di stigmatizzare l'importanza del corpo delle donne durante il parto.

lunedì 23 luglio 2012


Maternal Death in the United States: A Problem Solved or a Problem Ignored?


ABSTRACT
The United States has a higher ratio of maternal deaths than at least 40 other countries, even though it spends more money per capita for maternity care than any other. The lack of a comprehensive, confidential system of ascertainment of maternal death designed to record and analyze every maternal death continues to subject U.S. women to unnecessary risk of preventable mortality. Maternal deaths must be reviewed to make motherhood safer. The United Kingdom's Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health is considered the "gold standard" of national professional self-evaluation. The aim of the Safe Motherhood Quilt Project is to raise public awareness of the rising U.S. maternal death rate and necessary steps to a solution.
Jasmine E. Gant, an honor student and promising athlete, entered St. Mary's Medical Center in Madison, Wisconsin, on July 5, 2006, in labor. A nurse mistakenly gave her a dose of epidural medication in an intravenous line instead of the intended penicillin that had been prescribed to treat a strep infection in labor. The epidural medication caused cardiac arrest, and Jasmine died within a few hours. Her 8-pound baby son survived.
Valerie Scythes and Melissa Farah, special education teachers at the same elementary school in Woodbury, New Jersey, had their babies at Underwood Memorial Hospital and died within 2 weeks of each other in spring 2007. Both were healthy, young, first-time mothers, both had cesareans and died shortly after giving birth. The second woman's death was particularly eerie for her coworkers, because she was reported to have said, on hearing about her colleague's death, "I wonder if that's going to happen to me." Despite the national publicity that followed, Underwood Memorial Hospital was one of just seven hospitals in the country to receive Johnson and Johnson's childbirth nursing award at the end of 2007.
Angela Wilburn was the first member of her family to graduate from high school. She was 28 years old and pregnant with her 8th and 9th babies at the time. Her nine children were born in 11 years. At more than 41 weeks' gestation, her labor was induced with pitocin and artificial rupture of membranes. With her doula at her side, she la bored easily with light contractions for about 2 hours and dilated quickly in about half an hour. Her son Rodney was soon born, weighing 6 pounds, 10 ounces. Before her second son was born, his amniotic sac broke, prolapsing his umbilical cord. The doctor called for a cesarean, and 7 minutes later, Randle was born, weighing 7 pounds 13 ounces. Angela, however, bled profusely from the surgery, and a hysterectomy was performed to try to save her life. A Jehovah's Witness, she refused a blood transfusion and died August 10, 2005, in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Her estranged husband is in prison. Angela's grandparents are raising eight of her nine children.
At least two of the deaths mentioned above could have been prevented. The medication mistake that killed Jasmine Gant was made by a very experienced nurse, who surely knew better. Was she taking care of too many patients at once? Did Angela Wilburn's doctor decide on the cesarean instead of a breech extraction because he or she had never been taught breech skills? That would have been the recommended step a generation ago. Was anything learned by careful review and analysis of what went wrong in the care of these two women who should be alive today?
It can take a long time, I've learned, to retire a long-held public myth—especially when it is one that is particularly cherished. The myth I'm thinking of is the one that holds that the United States is one of the safest nations in the world for women giving birth. I'm sure that everyone in our country would like to believe this. Like most people raised here, I accepted without question the story that modern medical advances have brought the maternal death ratio (the number of deaths directly related to pregnancy or birth per 100,000 live births) to such a low point that the problem of preventable maternal death could be considered solved. Only after I had been a midwife for more than 25 years was I finally shocked out of my own complacency about the safety of becoming a mother in my country compared with others. For me, the triggering event was a hospital insider telling me that several women within the previous few weeks had died from complications during or following a cesarean at the hospital where he worked. With no mention of any of these cases having appeared in the media in that city, that surprising
disclosure forced me to realize that maternal deaths that occur in hospitals are not usually reported by the media. It was only later that I found out that they might not even be reported as maternal deaths to a government agency, whether at the state level or nationally.
Let's be clear at the beginning that not every maternal death can be prevented. Still, almost all maternal deaths are preventable. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000) set our national goal for a maternal death ratio to be no higher than 3.3 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2010. Unfortunately, we are far from achieving that goal—in fact, we are moving in the wrong direction.
Currently, according to the World Health Organization and several United Nations agencies, the United States ranks behind no fewer than 40 other nations in preventing maternal deaths (based upon the official but unreliable number) (Hill et aI., 2007). In 1982, the U.S. ratio was 7.5 deaths per 100,000 births. In 2004, it was 13.2 deaths per 100,000. In 2005, the last year for which we have figures, the maternal death ratio was 15.1 deaths per 100,000 births. For African American women, the ratio was an outrageous 36.5 deaths per 100,000 births (Kung, Hoyert, Xu, & Murphy, 2008). In other words, for all U.S. women, the maternal death ratio is almost 5 times as high as it should be, and for African American women, it is more than 10 times what it should be.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 1998 that more than half of these deaths could have been prevented (Johnson & Rutledge, 1998)—surely, a conservative estimate. In that same publication, the CDC admitted that not only had there been no improvement in the maternal death ratio since 1982, but also the officially reported ratio was a substantial underestimate because there are so many classification errors in the system. A recent article in a major obstetrical journal revealed a 93% underreporting rate of maternal death in Massachusetts (DeneuxTharaux et aI., 2005). It is very likely that a similar rate of error could be found in the other 49 states. Not only do we have a comparatively high death rate for women from causes directly related to pregnancy or birth, we are almost certainly failing to gather most of the data. Because of this, we literally have no idea how many U.S. women die from pregnancy- or birth-related causes every year. The CDC's most recent guess is that they could be missing as much as 2/3 of the maternal deaths (Johnson & Rutledge, 1998). How can we prevent those deaths that are preventable when we don't really know why all of these women are dying?
In case you are curious about how such an error rate in data-gathering can be perpetuated year after year in our country, you should know that, unlike neonatal and infant mortality, maternal mortality is far from easy to count accurately and completely. Women of childbearing age die of a variety of causes that mayor may not have any direct link to a pregnancy or birth. Car accidents, domestic violence, and illness all take a toll. There has to be a way to distinguish these deaths from those, which were actually directly caused by the pregnancy, birth, or its aftermath and the care that the woman received (or failed to receive).
When a woman is discharged from a hospital after giving birth and later dies from causes directly related to her birth or the care she got, she may die in a different hospital or in a different part of the hospital than the maternity ward. This is what happened to Lara Nuerge Schultz of Perryopolis, Pennsylvania, who died of a pulmonary embolism in an Ohio hospital nearly a month after the cesarean birth of her first child in 2000. It is very possible that her death was not recorded as pregnancy-related, because the death certificate in Ohio did not include a checkbox asking if the deceased person had been pregnant within the year preceding her death. Could her death have been prevented? Almost certainly, it could have been. Lara's mother-in-law, a nurse, had already noticed that Lara was limping 3 weeks after her surgery. She examined Lara and urged her to go right to an emergency room. Lara didn't believe anything could be wrong. Both her mother-in-law and husband begged her not to take a long automobile trip with other family members to visit an elderly relative in Indiana. If she had had better patient education and followup care after her discharge from
the hospital, her problem might have been detected earlier and in a way that she would have taken seriously.
Thirty-six-year-old Virginia Wanjiru Njoroge had boy and girl twins by cesarean at a Kansas City hospital on October 23, 2007. A recent immigrant from Kenya, she was discharged from the hospital and went home to her apartment in a Kansas City suburb. With the babies' father still in Kenya, she was alone in caring for herself and her babies. Three weeks later, a neighbor noticed an unpleasant odor coming from the apartment and notified police. Emergency workers found Virginia's badly decomposed body on the bed. They reported that they might have missed her babies, had it not been for a weak cry they heard when they accidentally bumped the bed. The babies had somehow moved from the bed until they wedged between the wall and the bed. The girl died later at the hospital, but Virginia's boy survived and was sent to Kenya to be raised by extended family members. How can a single woman be expected to keep herself and her newly born babies alive during the days following major surgery?
 We've had clues for years that the United States has problems in the area of reporting—on mistakes made in hospitals. In 1999, the National Institutes of Health (NIB) issued a report to the media that approximately 100,000 deaths per year take place in U.S. hospitals because of medical errors (Charatan, 1999). That's one third of the population of Iceland per year. The NIH report called for health-care providers to be required to inform state governments of any medical errors leading to serious harm. At that time, only 20 states had such reporting requirements, and just five more states have joined the mandatory reporting group in the 9 years since, leaving half of the states with no such requirements (Rosenthal, Riley, & Booth, 2000; see Box). That report did provide the insight to anyone who read it carefully that mandatory reporting about medical errors has never been carried out on the federal level in the United States. In a survey that followed the NIH report, 60% of patients thought that mandatory reporting of medical errors through a national agency was a good idea, while only 32% of doctors thought so (Tanne, 2002).
If medical errors are to be prevented in maternity care, one of the essential ingredients of a nation's care system is a nationally mandated and funded way to accurately collect data on the number of pregnancy-related deaths that occur in any given year. The maternal mortality rate—along with life expectancy and the neonatal mortality rate—is one of the vital measures of any health-care system that must be monitored from year to year. Ideally, of course, the maternal mortality rate should be reduced every year as physicians, midwives, and nurses learn from past mistakes how to make pregnancy and birth safer. Such reduction can only be expected when the past mistakes are noted and analyzed and when appropriate recommendations are fed back to health-care providers and to the public.
The NIH report sparked a national debate on the reporting of medical errors, but the only legislation stemming so far from the report was a 2005 law that made hospital reporting of errors voluntary. They made a law for this? That's like looking at your dog sitting in front of you and yelling at him, "Sit!" Significantly, the debate surrounding the issue of the shocking number of medical errors never touched on a question that should have been asked: How many of the medical errors uncovered by NIH happened in maternity wards?
Every 3 years in the United Kingdom, the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH) publishes a report titled, Saving Mothers' Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer (formerly titled Why Mothers Die ). The publication, now in its seventh edition, is much like a report card on the results of the combined maternity services in Wales, Scotland, England, and Northern Ireland (CEMACH, 2007). As the public outreach component of the United Kingdom's respected CEMACH, each edition of the book is based on data drawn. from every maternal death in the United Kingdom from causes stemming from.pregnancy or birth during a given 3-year period, Each of the main causes of maternal deaths-hypertension, thromboembolism, hemorrhage, amniotic fluid embolism, infection, anesthesia deaths, and injuries to the cervix, perineum, or vagina—gets its own chapter and includes at least one narrative of a case of such a death. The comparable U.S. report from the CDC and the National Center for Health Statistics is limited to—at most—a page
The United Kingdom claims a high degree (97%) of accuracy in determining how many maternal deaths occur each year. Sometimes, cases involving substandard care are described in Saving Mothers' Lives, but the names of hospitals or cities are never mentioned. Because the purpose of the CEMACH system (the United Kingdom's equivalent of the CDC) is to seek truth, names and places are kept confidential so that the results of the enquiries cannot be used in malpractice lawsuits. Saving Mothers' Lives not only provides detailed, accurate numbers of deaths in each category of death, but it also recommends what steps should be taken to ensure that the number will be reduced in the next 3-year period. As of 1999, in the fifth report, building upon the excellent feedback provided by the CEMACH system, the U.K. maternity system has been able to reduce the number of maternal deaths each triennium. There was a slight but statistically insignificant rise in the death rate described in the sixth and seventh reports.
If the amount of money spent on maternity care provided an accurate indication of how well we are doing, mothers in the United States would be the luckiest in the world. After all, our country has the distinction of spending more per birth than any nation in the world on maternity care for the 4.3 million births that take place each year. Apparently, we are not spending that money in the smartest way possible, and it's about time that we did.
Can you imagine the passage of laws that would effectively scrap our fragmented way of gathering health information and institute a system like that in the United Kingdom?
  • Reporting of deaths would be mandatory.
  • Failure to report a death or error would result in penalization.
  • Death certificates for all the states would ask the same questions regarding the pregnancy status of women of childbearing age who have died.
  • Death certificates would be completed only by individuals who have been instructed how to fulfill this task properly.
  • An autopsy would be performed following the death of a woman of childbearing age. (Studies have shown that there is a 25%-40% rate of error in diagnosis if there is no autopsy.)
  • Maternity insurance of all types would cover the payment of such autopsies.
  • There would be periodic audits of maternal death data.
THE SAFE MOTHERHOOD QUILT PROJECT
About 8 years ago, I began to feel powerfully impelled to follow the example of the AIDS Quilt in drawing attention to a problem that wasn't getting the attention it needed. Whenever I receive documentation about a U.S. woman's death from pregnancy-related causes between 1982 and the present, I arrange for a quilt block to be made in her honor. Sometimes a family member or friend creates the block; other times it is made by one of the many who have contributed their efforts to the project.
The Safe Motherhood Quilt was first exhibited at the Summit for Safe Motherhood, sponsored by the CDC, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American College of Nurse-Midwives, which was held in Atlanta on September 4-5, 2001. Since then, it has been shown at the Oakland Museum, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, and many other sites in the United States, as well as in Brazil, Iceland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, France, England, Ireland, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Italy, Canada, England, Costa Rica, and Mexico.
I am sure that when enough people are informed about the maternal death problem in our country, we can exert enouh political pressure to fix it. Only when we are able to equal the United Kingdom's CEMACH system of ascertaining and analyzing maternal deaths will we be able to find out the causes of preventable maternal deaths and then set about preventing them.
REFERENCES
  1. Charatan, F. (1999). Medical errors kill almost 100,000 Americans a year. British Medical Journal, 319(7224), 1519.
  2. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health [CEMACH]. (2007). Saving mothers' lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer (20032005), 7th report. London: Author.
  3. Deneux-Tharaux, C, Berg, C, Bouvier-Colle, M-H., Gissler, M., Harper, M., Nannini, A., et al. (2005). Underreporting of pregnancy-related mortality in the United States and Europe. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 106, 684-692.
  4. Hill, K., Thomas, K., AbouZahr, C, Walker, N., Say, 1., Inoue, M., et al. (2007). Estimates of maternal mortality worldwide between 1990 and 2005: An assessment of available data. The Lancet , 370, 1311-1319.
  5. Johnson, D., & Rutledge, T. (1998). Maternal mortality United States, 1982-1996. The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 47(34), 705-707.
  6. Kung, H. C, Hoyert, D. 1., XU, J. Q., & Murphy, S. 1. (2008,
  7. January). Deaths: Final data for 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports, 56(10), 25. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/ nvsr56 _10. pdf
  8. Rosenthal, J., Riley, T., & Booth, M. (2000). State reporting of medical errors and adverse events: Results of a 50-state survey. Portland, ME: National Academy for State Health Policy.
  9. Tanne, J. (2002). US doctors and public disagree over mandatory reporting of errors. British Medical Journal, 325(7372), 1055.
  10. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000, November). Healthy People 2010: Objectives for improving health. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from www.healthypeople.gov 

Chi è Ina May Gaskin
Il 12 ottobre 1970 un gruppo di hippies lasciò San Francisco con l’intenzione
di comprare un terreno e costruirci una comune. Viaggiarono assieme attraverso
gli Stati Uniti e si stabilirono a Summertown, TN.  Durante il viaggio, queste famiglie iniziarono ad avere figli; le donne li davano alla luce aiutandosi a vicenda. Una di loro, in particolare, era profondamente interessata alla nascita e alle storie ad essa collegate, fin da quando era bambina. Ina May Gaskin,  autrice di Spiritual Midwifery (il libro che diede inizio al movimento delle levatrici negli Stati Uniti), è stata definita la “più grande ostetrica del mondo”. E’ l’unica levatrice a cui sia stato dato il nome di una manovra, la manovra Gaskin appunto, che aiuta i medici a risolvere una complicanza del parto chiamata "distocia di spalla."  Il secondo libro di Ina May’: Ina May’s Guide To Childbirth (Bantam, 2003) è la maggior fonte di informazione e il più importante libro mai scritto riguardo alla nascita. 
IMG: Un’ostetrica fornisce assistenza ed educazione prenatali, aiuta le donne al momento del parto e si occupa di entrambi, madre e figlio, durante il periodo postpartum. Negli ospedali a volte alcunie di queste mansioni sono svolte dalle infermiere o dai pediatri. 
Come è diventata levatrice?
IMG: Il mio primo parto è avvenuto nel 1966,  ed ero molto sorpresa di scoprire, come madre del primo figlio, che il mio ginecologo non aveva alcuna voglia di permettere al mio bambino di venire al mondo senza l’intervento medico. Questo perché aveva intenzione di utilizzare il focipe (sia che fosse davvero necessario oppure no), perché a quell’epoca la maggior parte degli ostetrici degli Stati Uniti ritenevano che fosse più sicuro per la madre e per il bambino piuttosto che lasciare che il processo del parto avvenisse in modo naturale. Questa convinzione fu ovviamente rivista alcuni anni dopo, ma io non avevo scelta nel caso di quel parto specifico. Siccome ero lauerata in letteratura inglese ero al corrente che molte donne e bambini avevano subito danni a causa dell’uso del forcipe. Inoltre, ero sicura del fatto che il corpo delle donne potesse funzionare molto meglio di quanto fosse stato insegnato al mio ginecologo. Tutta quell’esperienza veramente mi aprì gli occhi riguardo a quanto poco
pesassero nelle procedure e nelle idee dell’ostetricia i reali dati scientifici. Più o meno a quell’epoca avevo sentito alcune donne raccontare le loro storie di parto in casa. Invariabilmente si trattava di storie illuminanti. Ero affascinata da queste donen che aevano trovato i modi per dare alla luce i loro figli a casa – la maggior parte di loro avevano insistito per avere accanto un’amica, guarda caso una levatrice, durante il travaglio. Dopo aver sentito un paio di queste storie sapevo che avrei voluto partorire in casa anch’io e che se avessi trovato il modo, sarei diventata io stessa una levatrice. Non passò molto tempo che ebbi l’occasione di partecipare al primo parto. La donna rifiutò di andare in ospedale e volle che restassi accanto a lei. Il marito era preparato per prendere il bambino. Fui abbastanza fortunata da incontrare quello che mi sembrò un travaglio breve e relativamente facile che terminò nella nascita di un bambino perfettamente sano. Non ebbi tempo per preoccuparmi durante il travaglio perché avvenne tutto velocemente. C’erano parecchie altre donne che erano a conoscenza di quel parto, e quando terminò, sembravano pronte a considerarmi una levatrice. Così, una dopo l’altra, quelle donne diedero alla luce i loro figli, e dopo la nascita del terzo mi venne offerto un seminario sul parto d’emergenza da un ostetrico generoso. Quel seminario mi preparò alla nascita del quarto bimbo, che ebbe bisogno della
rianimazione alla nascita e ad aiutare la madre, a cui fu necessario bloccare un’emorragia..
Come arrivò alla formulazione della manovra Gaskin?
IMG: Circa sei anni dopo che avevo iniziato ad assistere ai parti in casa, ebbi l’occasione di andare in Guatemala per fare del lavoro di sviluppo in seguito a un tremendo terremoto. Mentre ero là, incontrai una levatrice che era supervisore delle levatrici indigene di quell’area. Queste levatrici indigene erano troppo povere per avere accesso alla scuola, perciò erano analfabete. Tuttavia, la levatrice distrettuale, che aveva imparato il mestiere in Belize, secondo le direttive del modello britannico, mi disse che le levatrici indigene avevano una tecnica migliore di quella che le avevano insegnato quando si trattava di affrontare una delle più temute complicanze, quando la spalla del bambino rimane incastrata dopo l’uscita della testa. Mi disse che invece che girare e cercare
di ruotare il bambino, loro semplicemente chiedevano alla madre di girarsi dalla posizione di schiena e mettersi a quattro zampe con la schiena inarcata. Questo cambiamento di posizione generalmente risolve il problema delle spalle incastrate e la madre è in grado di spingere il bambino e farlo uscire senza altri interventi. Solo occasionalmente, si rendono necessarie altre manovre. Hop sentito diversi ostetrici dire che il cambio di posizione era la sola tecnica che liberava un bambino incastrato male.
Quali sono le sfide attuali delle levatrici?

IMG: Attualmente, negli Stati Uniti, le levatrici seguono solo il 10 percento delle nascite. Circa l’uno percento di queste avviene in casa. Quando si parla di percentuali così basse di parti assistiti dalle levatrici e fuori dagli ospedali, si pone automaticamente il grande problema della paura e dell’ignoranza riguardo al permettere che il travaglio e il parto procedano senza interferenze. La maggior parte delle infermiere e dei medici non hanno mai occasione di assistere a un parto indisturbato durante il loro tirocinio. Questo rende improbabile che permettano che avvenga, anche se nei loro ospitali permettessero alcune deviazioni rispetto al normale modo di procedere. Si aggiunga a questo il profitto dell’industria medica, con poca o nessuna responsabilità all’interno del sistema, e una situazione in cui le compagnie di assicurazioni e le catene ospedaliere hanno maggiore influenza nella creazione delle politiche mediche in certe aree di quanta ne abbiano gli stessi medici (e sicuramente non le levatrici), ed ecco la ricetta da cui si ottengono troppi parti medicalizzati e livelli di mortalità e morbilità di madri e bambini che stanno peggiorando invece di migliorare. Sia a livello nazionale sia internazionale, la più grande sfida riguarda il fatto che le donne di questa generazione (per la maggior parte) non nutrono più una sana paura nei confronti della chirurgia non necessaria. Questo apre la porta a un costante aumento dei parti cesarei, che sempre di più viene eseguito per motivi non di natura medica, anche se dati attendibili mostrano che questo trend potrebbe triplicare o quadruplicare le morti delle madri. Mentre i cesarei aumentano sempre di più, le conoscenze ostetriche che un tempo erano considerate essenziali non possono più essere trasmesse alla futura generazione di medici, e con la perdita di queste conoscenze certi tipi di nascite che un tempo potevano essere fatte per via vaginale, devono essere cesarei a causa della mancanza di preparazione ostetrica.
[…]Perché il travaglio è importante?
IMG: Il travaglio è importante perché durante il travaglio sia il corpo della madre sia quello del bambino vengono preparati alla nascita. I livelli di certi ormoni salgono e scendono durante il travaglio. Per esempio, l’ossitocina della madre sale vistosamente un attimo prima che il corpo del bambino venga espulso dal suo corpo. Questo la protegge dalle emorragie postpartum. Alti livelli di ossitocina nella madre (che sono accompagnati da alti livelli anche nel bambino) prepara il sistema nervoso di entrambi ad accordarsi reciprocamente. Questo crea un periodo di speciale “sensitività” durante il quale questi particolari ormoni restano ad alti livelli in un parto indisturbato e questo momento trascorre al meglio se madre e figlio rimangono in contatto “pelle a pelle” mentre il piccolo inizia ad annusare e cercare il seno materno o semplicemente i due si osservono e si adorano reciprocamente. L’euforia che segue a un travaglio non medicalizzato è un momento davvero speciale per chiunque abbia il privilegio di assistervi. E ancor meglio è per chi lo vive direttamente. Quando la madre vive il travaglio, ha anche livelli elevati di beta endorfina. Quest’ormone stimola il rilascio di un altro ormone, la prolattina, che prepara il corpo alla produzione del latte e contemporaneamente prepara i polmoni del bambino per una respirazione più efficiente. Ancora, il travaglio dà una bella strizzata alla schiena del bambino, cosa che aiuta ad asciugare i suoi polmoni e a renderli pronti a respirare l’aria del mondo esterno. I bambini nati col cesareo hanno generalmente polmoni più bagnati, cosa che può comportare la necessità di una
maggior assistenza per la respirazione.
Quali sono le recenti statistiche riguardanti il parto in America? Che percentuali di parti cesarei? CI saranno mai cambiamenti?
Attualmente negli Stati Uniti sono in crescita tanto la mortalità delle madri quanto quella infantile. I livelli di morte materna non sono migliorati, secondo il Centro per il controllo delle malattie, dal 1982.  E’ un lungo periodo senza progressi, a dispetto di tutte le innovazioni tecnologiche che sono state introdotte da allora. Parte del problema in questo settore è che gli Stati Uniti non hanno mai creato un sistema di riferimento adeguato dei dati per scoprire quali errori potremmo aver fatto, così da analizzarli e proporre politiche che riducano la probabilità di ripeterli. Il Regno Unito ha un sistema di questo tipo fin dal 1952, che probabilmente è il motivo per cui il loro dato sulla mortalità materna è significativamente inferiore del nostro. Non sono a conoscenza di un altro paese Europeo in cui la classificazione delle morti materne sia fatta secondo un sistema pianificato, ma si tratta di qualcosa che da noi viene fatto in ogni singolo stato. Non c’è una revisione ed è meno probabile che venga fatta un’autopsia rispetto ai paesi Europei. L’organizzazione mondiale per la sanità ha riportato nel 2003 che altre 30 nazione avevano indici di mortalità materna inferiori rispetto agli Stati Uniti. E’ un dato anche più negativo se si considera che la maggior parte di questi paesi hanno sistemi di assistenza sanitaria in cui la responsabilità è interna. Significa che c’è una probabilità molto maggiore che le morti materne vengano contate rispetto a quanto accade negli Stati uniti. In cui gli epidemiologi dei Centri per il controllo delle malattie hanno riferito che le morti materne sono “per la maggior parte non documentate”. L’indice di cesarei negli Us era stato ultimamente fissato al 29.1% che rappresentava un aumento piuttosto stretto rispetto all’anno precedente. L’organizzazione mondiale della sanità stabiliva intorno al 10-15% l’indice ideale di cesarei, perché quando questo dato super
di molto il limite superiore comincia a rappresentare un pericolo e non più un fattore di sicurezza per le madri e per i bambini.
Quali sono le tre cose che dice alle sue clienti incinte?
IMG:
1-Ricordate che siete fatte bene almeno quanto qualsiasi scimmia.
2-Non dimenticate di portare al travaglio il vostro senso dell’umorismo.
3-Sorridere mentre la testa del vostro bambino sta uscendo aiuta a rilassare il
perineo e rende più improbabile che vi mettiate a piangere.